Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation

Exemptions in the Rules of Hyphenation Exemptions in the Rules of Hyphenation Exemptions in the Rules of Hyphenation By Mark Nichol Subsequent to looking over the word reference or scrutinizing a use direct, you’d feel that the pattern in American English and, less significantly, in British English is to exclude hyphens from words comprising of a prefix appended to the root word. Be that as it may, reality can't help disagreeing. Mail sent from philanthropic associations perpetually includes the word non-benefit in the upper right-hand corner, where a stamp would regularly be set. (On the other hand, the US Postal Service, on its Web webpage, effectively styles the term charitable however the Internal Revenue Service utilizes the hyphen, as do numerous such associations.) Commercial Web locales and item lists welcome clients to prepare, utilizing the word pre-request, however the word reference posting is preorder. Also, many print or online references to harmony developments include the term hostile to war, in spite of the assignment of the standard structure in for all intents and purposes all composing assets as antiwar. All in all, for what reason do descriptivist and prescriptivist handbooks the same admonish perusers to close the hole, when such a large number of individuals who utilize the English language to convey recorded as a hard copy overlook or are oblivious of the authorities’ references? The regular pattern in partner words or parts of words is to first join them in quite a while, later hyphenate them as they become increasingly settled, lastly convert them into shut mixes when commonality is altogether accomplished (however numerous mixes stay open or hyphenated long after these transformative stages appear to be past due). In any case, most authors apparently a greater part of novices and certainly an excessive number of experts don’t focus on such subtleties, however the standard is effortlessly discovered by a look in a word reference or another asset. The special cases to the dominance of shut prefixes are moderately not many and pretty much basic. Hold a hyphen in the accompanying cases: At the point when the root word is a formal person, place or thing (post-Depression) or a number (pre-1914) At the point when the prefix goes before a current prefix (non-self-overseeing) At the point when the prefix goes before an appropriate open compound (â€Å"pre-Civil War†) in such a case, the image ought to in fact be an en run, to help explain that pre-adjusts â€Å"Civil War,† not simply the word it is really appended to, yet numerous distributions, print and on the web, utilize a straightforward hyphen At the point when two examples of the letter I or the letter an are adjoining (against scholarly, extra-activity), or another mix of letters could hamper perusing (professional work and numerous other ace developments) At the point when a prefix is rehashed (hostile to immune response) At the point when suspensive hyphenation is utilized (â€Å"over-and understimulation†) Likewise, a few people think that its unbalanced to shut everything down and a word beginning with c (they lean toward co-seat to cochair), with o (co-proprietor is wanted to coowner), or even with any word (colleague, rather than collaborator, irritates numerous journalists). Moreover, there are disengaged nonsensical exemptions. For instance, why close up reemergence however hyphenate de-accentuation? Also, an in any case unnecessary hyphen is frequently embedded to recognize homographs (similarly as with re-check, â€Å"to count again,† rather than describe, â€Å"to narrate†). A few authors overlook this apparently overcautious system, however an unmistakable setting doesn’t essentially deter it. (Now and then, the qualification does appear to be pointless: what number individuals compose reproduce as the action word type of diversion contrasted with utilizing the pervasive utilization, which means â€Å"to make again†? Be that as it may, strangely, the prevailing homograph is given the hyphenated structure.) In spite of this obvious huge number of deviations from the standard, there is a standard: A mind dominant part of prefixes are shut. However, on the off chance that you’re ever in question, simply counsel your word reference. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Spelling Test 15 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Behavioral Influences on Health Free Essays

It very well may be contended that different conduct, mental, sociocultural and way of life factors are identified with the different reasons for human mortality. Normally, the main drivers of different infections that cause human demise are related with these variables. Hence, we can contend on the perspective on how these components are identified with human wellbeing and the spread of different sicknesses that eventually causes mortality. We will compose a custom paper test on Conduct Influences on Health or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now At one level, social human components can be contended as the trademark wonders of conduct originations that may prompt contracting illnesses. In this regard, human conduct could be contended in wording the relationship with the friend gatherings, ethical quality, sexual conduct, perspectives towards oneself, temperances and good commitments. Different sick conduct originations and propensities have been referred to go about as the underlying driver of different sicknesses. For instance, peer weight may result to abnormality, liquor addiction, smoking and different originations (Joseph, 2005) From the ramifications of these practices along these lines, different maladies, for example, diabetes, malignancy, and other inside issue and afflictions that are solid causatives of human mortality will in general happen. The quality and the models of an individual conduct can thusly decide the inclination with which he/she can get certain executioner ailments and sicknesses to the detriment of other standards of conduct. The degrees of ethical quality which is molded by the conduct models can be a factor towards which executioner illnesses like HIV-AIDs and other explicitly transmitted maladies and infirmities that are powerless in causing mortality can be transmitted. Mental variables are the human related elements that shape and decide the principles of ones wellbeing. Different investigations in wellbeing brain science have delineated a cozy connection between the cognizance, character, recognition, relational connections and individual feelings towards human wellbeing related issues. Different mental issue that emerge because of disturbance in the mental setting of an individual have been known to cause mortality. The chief looks into done on both clinical and wellbeing brain research has uncovered different sicknesses that are mentally related and which are of extraordinary effect on human wellbeing. The human mental advancement is an unpredictable self-sufficiency that is credited to both the psychological and the intellectual character. Different traits are of incredible effect on the mental arrangements of an individual that causes handicap in the useful format of ones mental regulation. Research contemplates have indicated that the pace of mortality because of mental issue is progressively getting more (Benjamin, 2003) Sociocultural elements allude to the basic factors inside the family film or the general public which shapes and decides the settings of a person’s wellbeing. These auxiliary settings direct the usefulness, reaction and conduct of an individual inside such a social setting. Inside the family setting, different wellbeing related variables may emerge, for example, level of dietary, physical wellbeing, family pressure, and different impacts, for example, the degree of training, salary, and expectations for everyday comforts. Either, different social parameters may shape the idea of human wellbeing. These incorporate social reconciliation, family relations, social generalizations and different elements. The idea of the sociocultural qualities has been of extraordinary impact in molding the settings of human wellbeing and potential outcomes of contracting maladies that cause passing (Ann, 1998) Ways of life allude to the modalities of person’s lifestyle. It is dictated by different factors, for example, level of training, family foundations, level of pay, social components and other. By and large, the nature of a person’s or families’ ways of life might be properties towards contracting maladies, the capacity of looking for clinical consideration and the weakness of accomplishing control and preventive measures. Therefore, a person’s wellbeing is resolved special by the guidelines and levels of his/her ways of life. (James, Simon, 2006) Step by step instructions to refer to Behavioral Influences on Health, Papers Social Influences on Health Free Essays It tends to be contended that different conduct, mental, sociocultural and way of life factors are identified with the different reasons for human mortality. Normally, the main drivers of different illnesses that cause human passing are related with these elements. Along these lines, we can contend on the perspective on how these variables are identified with human wellbeing and the spread of different illnesses that eventually causes mortality. We will compose a custom exposition test on Conduct Influences on Health or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now At one level, conduct human components can be contended as the trademark wonders of social originations that may prompt contracting ailments. In this regard, human conduct could be contended in wording the relationship with the friend gatherings, profound quality, sexual conduct, mentalities towards oneself, ideals and good commitments. Different sick social originations and inclinations have been referred to go about as the main driver of different maladies. For instance, peer weight may result to aberrance, liquor addiction, smoking and different originations (Joseph, 2005) From the ramifications of these practices in this way, different sicknesses, for example, diabetes, malignant growth, and other inner issue and diseases that are solid causatives of human mortality will in general happen. The quality and the models of an individual conduct can in this way decide the affinity with which he/she can get certain executioner infections and sicknesses to the detriment of other standards of conduct. The degrees of profound quality which is formed by the conduct models can be a factor towards which executioner infections like HIV-AIDs and other explicitly transmitted ailments and infirmities that are defenseless in causing mortality can be transmitted. Mental components are the human related variables that shape and decide the norms of ones wellbeing. Different examinations in wellbeing brain science have portrayed a cozy connection between the insight, character, observation, relational connections and individual feelings towards human wellbeing related issues. Different mental issue that emerge because of disturbance in the mental setting of an individual have been known to cause mortality. The chief inquires about done on both clinical and wellbeing brain research has uncovered different illnesses that are mentally related and which are of incredible effect on human wellbeing. The human mental improvement is a mind boggling independence that is ascribed to both the psychological and the subjective character. Different traits are of extraordinary effect on the mental arrangements of an individual that causes handicap in the useful design of ones mental allotment. Research examines have demonstrated that the pace of mortality because of mental issue is progressively getting more (Benjamin, 2003) Sociocultural elements allude to the auxiliary factors inside the family film or the general public which shapes and decides the settings of a person’s wellbeing. These basic settings direct the usefulness, reaction and conduct of an individual inside such a social setting. Inside the family setting, different wellbeing related components may emerge, for example, level of dietary, physical wellbeing, family pressure, and different impacts, for example, the degree of instruction, salary, and expectations for everyday comforts. Either, different social parameters may shape the idea of human wellbeing. These incorporate social mix, family relations, social generalizations and different elements. The idea of the sociocultural properties has been of incredible impact in molding the settings of human wellbeing and potential outcomes of contracting ailments that cause demise (Ann, 1998) Lifestyles allude to the modalities of person’s lifestyle. It is controlled by different factors, for example, level of training, family foundations, level of salary, social components and other. For the most part, the nature of a person’s or families’ ways of life might be characteristics towards contracting infections, the capacity of looking for clinical consideration and the powerlessness of accomplishing control and preventive measures. Therefore, a person’s wellbeing is resolved particular by the norms and levels of his/her ways of life. (James, Simon, 2006) Reference Ann, F. (1998). Human Health and Diseases. New York, Heinemann Benjamin. G. C. (2003) Reducing undesirable Behaviors: Where do we start? American diary f general wellbeing, Vol. 93 James, R Simon, G (2006) What is Human Health. London, Routledge Joseph, k (2005) Social Inequalities towards Human Health, Journal of Pediatrics, The most effective method to refer to Behavioral Influences on Health, Papers

Stanford Universitys 2019 Acceptance Rate TKG

Stanford University's 2019 Acceptance Rate Last year, Stanford announced that the school will no longer be posting acceptance rates starting in 2019. We wanted to find out why. In 2018, The Harvard Crimson wrote a (potentially biased) article about why they wouldn’t be following Stanford’s new model. Both Harvard and Stanford’s admissions rates have been below 6% since 2015, among the lowest in the country. But, if Harvard is proud of their acceptance rate, why is Stanford shying away from theirs? We started by looking at another school that has withheld their admissions data in years past: the Huntsman program at The University of Pennsylvania.  We appreciated Penn’s candor. It only took one call to get the information we were looking for: the Huntsman program does not report their acceptance rates because they feel it would dissuade students from applying. They would not give us a percentage, but an online search suggests that it’s impossibly lowâ€"around 1-2%. Calls to Stanford didn’t go quite as well. We were directed to an outdated article on The Washington Post, published in 2016. In it, Stanford’s dean says that rates are “distracting” and that all top-tiered schools are highly competitive. Also adding “what’s the difference between 7% and 4%”? With that, we do agree. At TKG, we often relate acceptance rates to the daily weather report. If there’s a 5-25% chance of rain, you probably won’t bring an umbrella. Wouldn’t be worth the effort. But if there’s an 8% chance of getting into a school, a good number of students think it’s worth giving a shot because it seems high compared to the 4% school.  We recently wrote a detailed blog post about the college acceptance rates from 2019. (You’ll notice that the data from Stanford for 2019 is missing.) Their acceptance rate for the class of 2022 was 4.3%, and it’s safe to say that the rate didn’t go up for the class of 2023.  We are trying to demystify the process. Yes, you can grab your TI-83 and scour the interne t for the number of students accepted to Stanford, then divide that by the number of applications. But a lot of online resources are inaccurate, which is why we did the work of calling the school directly.   There’s a lot of online chatter about Stanford’s admissions data (or lack thereof). Some say that Stanford knows their admissions data will be found out anyway. The official line of the school, as of now, is the same as Huntman’s: they don’t want students to be put off by the low acceptance rate. But to some, unreleased data at one of the most competitive schools in the nation could (and probably will) make the school even more alluring. As with every school, it’s becoming increasingly difficult to get into Stanford. So instead of falling into the trap of applying “just because it’s Stanford,” make a list of what you’re looking for (BEFORE looking at Stanford’s website) then ask yourself if it’s 1) a good fit and 2) a realistic goal.  If you are truly qual ified to attend Stanford (and have the grades, test scores, and extracurriculars to prove it) then you should still apply. We just want to make clear how difficult it is to get in. More importantly, not going to Stanford (or not getting into Stanford) doesn’t mean anything in the grand scheme. You have options. And we hate to see students waste time and energy applying to schools that ultimately aren’t the right fit. At TKG, we work with students and families to create realistic school lists and help kids through every step of the process. Contact us here if you want to work with someone directly.

The Information Security Risk On The Life And Solutions

Introduction In this generation of advance Information Technology, people exchange the information using numerous devices to accomplish their task in routine life. Information which used to be recorded on paper is now taking form of electronic record. Personal Information is now more feasible to access or destruct for the attacker because of weak IT security like virus or attack to the system or network. To protect the privacy, individual should secure their information. However, the only way to determine flaws and recognize threats, weather it is technical or non-technical or any other, is to find vulnerability and perform risk assessments. In this paper, we will discuss the information security risk in the life and solutions to mitigate†¦show more content†¦For the information security, it is essential to find risks related to the use, processing, storage, and transmission of information or data and the processes and systems used for that. Unauthorized access, usage, recording, modification, distraction, etc. are the risk to the information security. There are many different ways through which personal information can be lost or accessed, misused, modified, or disclosed. Common risks to the information security are described below: †¢ Unauthorized access or misuse of records by a friend or colleague or any other familiar person. †¢ Hacking or other illegal acquisition of system or device database or information by outsider. †¢ By mistake disclosure or sending of information to wrong person or organization. †¢ Failure to store or organize information properly and securely. †¢ Loss or theft of portable storage devices, paper documents, computer or any other equipment containing personal information. In order to develop a proper security which can protects critical data, systems, and other resources, individual must first understand what it is facing in terms of potential sources of harm that may exploit existing vulnerabilities. Threat assessment identifies potential sources of attack to information assets and estimating the probability and consequences associated with their action. Understanding of the source of attacks, along with their likelihood of

The Transcontinental Railroad Act Signed By Pres - 891 Words

In 1860s a great iron band was built between Omaha and San Francisco. That iron band was the Transcontinental Railroad. An engineering feat many thought was impossible. Surprisingly, during the carnage of the Civil War it served as a leap of faith for America that the country will survive. It was fraught with challenges from the start ranging from political to financial. Yet it s completion started a new pivotal era for America. The Transcontinental Railroad connected the citizens of America, linking the East and West Coast in ways not seen at that time. Amid the carnage the Civil War, the United States took a leap of faith concerning its future. That leap was the â€Å"Pacific Railroad Act signed by Pres. Lincoln on July 2,†¦show more content†¦Financial and political challenges for the railroad began before track was even laid. Although California dignitaries heralded the railroad would bring â€Å"great wealth and prosperity† to the state. Some were still reluctant to invest in the Central Pacific’s side of the project. The reluctance of the CPRR funders may have been a combination of Judah s rocky relationship with the Big Four and the craziness of the idea itself. How were they to get over the Sierra Nevada? Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins were California’s wealthy railroad tycoons, commonly known as the â€Å"Big Four.† The Big Four, or The Associates,†[2] as they preferred to be called mistreated Judah and froze him out of his own company. After his tussle with The Associates, Judah took ill and left California. He never saw one track of the railroad laid, because he died shortly after in New York. The Union Pacific side was not without its share of troubles. Mainly attributed to the fact that the Pacific Railroad Act didn t specify a starting point for the eastern terminus of the railroad. Thomas Durant, vice-president of Union Pacific, saw this obscurity as a way to cheat the system. In the confusion Durant capitalized and made thousands of dirty dollars† meddling with stocks and moving the starting point from the original location. The problems before theShow MoreRelatedSocial Studies Grade 8 : Immigration Research Project1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the country, and the government could not do anything about it. Italians came to America as transatlantic transportation became more affordable and word of American prosperity came via American recruiters and returning immigrants. Unlike their Pre-Civil War Count erparts, they had a major cultural impact on U.S society. In fact, some words used in the English language were actually borrowed from the Italian one. 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Middle Childhood And Domestic Violence - 1999 Words

Middle Childhood and Domestic Violence In many states, all over the world, some children reside in homes where domestic violence takes place. Domestic violence can be defined as a man or woman, family member, or spouse(s), physically threatening to harm each other within their home. Though domestic violence is considered a criminal law, it is sometimes not reported, and the physical attacks and harassments could be a continuous act upon these individuals (Newman, 1975). Most times, domestic violence could possibly lead to child abuse. Even though the person may be committing these attacks against their significant other, it could sometimes lead to the child being harmed as a way of punishing their significant other. Then there are times†¦show more content†¦Emotionally, a child may constantly cry and fear the person who is committing these acts of violence. Some children may have a difficult time learning inside and outside of a classroom setting because of not getting enough rest at home, not being in a stable home, and worriedness. Most children have difficulties being socially active with others. They may not know how to talk or socialize with other children due to the fact that they might fear that they will say something wrong or do something wrong and be punished for it. Mentally, they may suffer from depression and/or anxiety, and maybe even exhibit the behavior that they have been observing (McGee, 2005). According to (Volpe, 1996), children between the ages of six and older, are the ones to most likely portray signs of depression, illnesses, and poor concentration to remain focused. Studies also show that children of the ages six and older that have watched and observed the acts of physical violence in their home growing up, will possibly one day become the perpetrator when they get older. For example, if a child can comprehend very well and actually knows what is going on in that setting, watches their father or mother physically abuse each other, they are going to imitate those same actions to their significant other. When a child ranges from the age of six and up, they basically know what is right and what is wrong, but because they cannot do

Adv Disadvantages of Leadership Development Methods free essay sample

Professional qualifications that require refreshing will be supported if they are an essential criteria for the post| * Trust induction * Trust Essential Update training * Manual Handling * Professional re-registration training * PRINCE2, MSP, LEAN| * Provides an understanding of how the Trust works * Provides health and safety training * Sends out a clear message that professional registration is recognised, important and is supported| * Trust induction training tends to be very generic and does not necessarily relate to the job role * Training for re-registration is not always timely * Is dependent on funding * Cost implications of ensuring that the training budget can cover training| Elective Learning| Courses that are not part of the essential criteria for the post will be deemed to be elective and will be subject to the trust policy on supported learning| * Courses identified as part of the personal development plan * Influencing skills * Negotiating skills * MS Project/Other IT Skills * Meets specific needs for the individual * Can be delivered by others in the team or by a generic course * Ensures that leaders are given requisite skills| * Some generic courses do not cover specific requirements * Is dependent on funding being available| Work Assignments| Work assignments will be seen as an opportunity to help leaders develop specific competencies or practice key behaviours. * Specific goals will be set as part of personal development plans * Feedback on progress will be done either via formal appraisal or by 1:1 feedback with line managers| * Reiterates the message that lessons can always be learned * Gives leaders the growth opportunities to put theories and models into practice * Learning by doing| * Unless well managed there is a tendency to concentrate on ‘getting the job done’ * Opportunities are not always recognised or used to the full advantage| Special Assignments/Initiatives| Involvement in short-term assignments or initiatives either generated from within the team or as part of a project team| * Attendance at programme or project board meetings * Involvement in assignments/initiatives

Frequently Asked Questions for a Marketing Interview Essay Example

Frequently Asked Questions for a Marketing Interview Essay Frequently Asked Questions for a Marketing Interview 1. What is market research according to you? 2. What is the difference between sales and marketing? 3. Explain the term customer loyalty. 4. What is the difference between Customer Satisfaction and Delight 5. What is Target Market? 6. Give an example of a product which exhibits habitual buying . 7. What are the various methods of Sampling? 8. Give an example of a lifestyle store. 9. What is meant by footfalls? 10. What is Primary Data? 11. Annual Report of a company is primary or secondary data? 12. What is meant by Cross Selling? 13. How will you show a physical evidence for an airline? 14. What is Brand Equity? 15. What is the difference between Market Potential and Sales Potential? 16. What is the difference between sales and marketing. 17. What is market Skimming . In what scenario will you implement it? 18. If you were a marketing manager of a five star hotel, how would you ensure the customer loyalty? 19. What is likert scale? 20. What is blue ocean strategy? 21. What are the applications of BCG Matrix? 22. What is sales territory? 23. Differentiate between needs and wants. 24. What is B2B marketing? 25. What are lifestyle brands? 26. What are cult brands? 27. What is Umbrella Branding? 28. What are quotas? 29. What do you understand from Service Guarantee? 30. What are intermediaries? FAQs FOR MOCK INTERVIEWS – FINANCE / BANKING / ECONOMICS 1. What is break-even point? 2. Distinguish between NPV and IRR. 3. What is a Derivative? 4. Explain Fundamental analysis. 5. What are Basel norms? 6. What is a Non Performing Asset (NPA)? 7. Describe Working capital gap. 8. What is EMI? 9. What is hedging? 10. Describe various types of risks in financial system. 11. What is a monetary policy? 12. What is exchange rate? 13. Mention various instruments of the money market. 4. Name the regulatory bodies for: banks, capital markets, and insurance sectors. 15. What is debt restructuring? 16. Distinguish between fund-based and non fund-based facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Frequently Asked Questions for a Marketing Interview specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Frequently Asked Questions for a Marketing Interview specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Frequently Asked Questions for a Marketing Interview specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 17. What are documentary Letters of Credit? 18. What is arbitrage? 19. What is cash management? 20. What is ‘Bancassurance’? Frequently Asked Questions for Mock Interview – Economics/Finance 1. What are Bonds? 2. Define money market 3. What is securitization? 4. What is credit creation? 5. Do you feel banking sector is able to weather recession? 6. India has a heavy percentage of public sector, is it helpful for sustaining high growth rate? . How monetary policy affects the growth of the economy? 8. Explain inter-linkages between monetary and fiscal policy. 9. What is financial crowding out? 10. Are stock prices an indicator of economic health? 11. Are we heading for stagflation? 12. So far as economic down turn is considered, which banking sector is better able to sustain, public sector banks or private sector banks? 13. Are we looking at reality sector recession? 14. Should we appreciate the rupee? 15. Is the dollar over priced? 16. What is capital market? 17. S hould India opt for dis-investment in public sector? 18. What is sub-prime crisis? 19. Could India be facing sub-prime crisis? 20. Are inflation and deficit related HR Domain Questions 1) What is the differences between HR , HRM HRD ? A. human resources, that element within a company which deals with the human aspects/needs of workers. Many companies have an HR department, which may provide a broad range of services to its employees. Some who work in HR are considered part of the department, but many people outside of such a department may have something to do with not just the financial aspects of work, but also â€Å"the human element† of employing workers. Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals ith issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Human Resource Development (HRD) is the framework for helping employees develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human Resource Development includes such opportunities as employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development. ) What are Functional , Product based and Matrix Organizational Structures ? 3) What do you understand by Induction Program what are the important parameters to be considered before designing an Induction program ? A. An induction program is the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role. Induction training should include development of theoretical and practical skills, but also meet interaction needs that exist among the new employees. Benefits of an induction program An induction program is an important process for bringing staff into an organisation. It provides an introduction to the working environment and the set-up of the employee within the organisation. The process will cover the employer and employee rights and the terms and conditions of employment. As a priority the induction program must cover any legal and compliance requirements for working at the company and pay attention to the health and safety of the new employee. An induction program is part of an organisations knowledge management process and is intended to enable the new starter to become a useful, integrated member of the team, rather than being thrown in at the deep end without understanding how to do their job, or how their role fits in with the rest of the company. Good induction programs can increase productivity and reduce short-term turnover of staff. These programs can also play a critical role under the socialization to the organization in terms of performance, attitudes and organizational commitment A typical induction program A typical induction program will include at least some of the following: †¢ any legal requirements (for example in the UK, some Health and Safety training is obligatory) †¢ any regulatory requirements (for example in the UK banking sector certain forms need to be completed) †¢ introduction to terms and conditions (for example, holiday entitlement, how to make expense claims, etc) †¢ a basic introduction to the company, and how the particular department fits in †¢ a guided tour of the building completion of government requirements (for example in UK submission of a P45 or P60) †¢ set-up of payroll details †¢ introductions to key members of staff †¢ specific job-role training 4) What are the various levels of HR planning done in organizations ? A. Human resource planning is a systematic analysis of HR needs to ensure the availability of the correct number of employees with the necessary skills at the right time. The in creased competitive nature of business that makes workforce flexibility an imperative need has raised the importance of human resource planning. Demand Forecasting The steps to HR Planning start with forecasting the number and type of employees needed in the future. This requires a good understanding of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The major aspects of the internal environment that affect HR Planning include short-term and long-term organizational plans and strategies, and the status of the organizations human resources. The major aspects of an enterprise’s xternal environment that impacts HR planning include the general status of the economy, developments in technology, level of competition, labor market trends and regulations, demographic trends and the like. For instance, an organization planning to launch a new product would require additional marketing staff, and an organization looking to open a new branch would require more office staff. An organization looking to close down unprofitable branches might look to retrench workers. Similarly, technological developments might prompt the organization to shift to reliance on fewer numbers of technically skilled workers rather than depend on a large pool of manual labor. Correct forecasting of human resource requirements contributes significantly to the competitiveness of the enterprise. Organizations forecasting more workers than required retain surplus or under-utilized staff, and organizations that fail to grasp the full extent of human resources required find themselves overstretched and unable to seize opportunities. The two major methods of forecasting are judgmental methods such as Delphi technique or managerial estimates, and various mathematical models such as time series, personnel and productivity ratios, regression analysis, and the like. Inventory Analysis and Supply Forecasting The second step in HR planning is inventory analysis or keeping track of the current employees in the organization to determine the extent to which this meets the forecast. The HR inventory analysis entails Skill inventory, or keeping track of the number of employees, and the age, locations, qualifications, and skills of each employee to determine the specific role each employee would fill in the short term and long term †¢ Forecasting resignations and recruitment and understanding their impact on the skill inventory levels †¢ Forecasting leaves, transfers, dismissals, sabbaticals, prolonged illness, and deaths of employees and their impact on inventory levels The ways to forecast the internal supply of human resources include methods such as Markov analysis, transitional matrices, replacement schedules, succession planning, and the like. Audit The third step in HR planning is audit, which includes reconciling inventory with forecast through a systematic analysis of demand and supply forecasting, and identifying areas where shortages and surpluses exist. The audit phase also involves, among other tasks: †¢ Identifying reasons for resignations, the cost of such resignations such as recruitment and training costs of new hires, cost of lost experience, skills and knowledge of the departing employee, and the like, and devise retention plans to retain key talent, if required †¢ Review the effectiveness of the recruitment activities, training and development initiatives, career planning exercises, succession planning, and other interventions Reconciliation The next step in HR Planning is developing action plans to bridge the gap between forecast and supply. The various alternatives include: †¢ Strategy to recruit new employees Retrenchment of downsizing strategy to shed excess workforce †¢ Training and Development plans to right-size the workforce †¢ Career Planning and Succession Planning to identify key personnel †¢ Changes in work regulations such as timings, overtime policy and the like The basic considera tions when undertaking the planning process is compliance and impact of labor legislation. Laws that govern overtime and retrenchment for instance can have a significant impact on the strategy adopted. The other consideration is the availability of resources such as financial, physical, and technical for implementation of the plans. Once approved, such plans become part of the company’s strategic objectives. Strategic HR Planning entails aligning such HR Plans with the overall strategic goals of the organization. Control The last step in HR Planning is monitoring and controlling implementation of the HR plan. This entails ensuring implementation proceeds in accordance with the plan and taking timely course corrections. The external and internal environment of an enterprise always remains in a state of flux, and a good HR Plan incorporates mechanisms to make timely revisions in accordance with such changes 5) What is the difference between Job Description Job specification ? A job description is a list of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Typically, it also includes to whom the position reports, specifications such as the qualifications needed by the person in the job, salary range for the position, etc. A job description is usually developed by conducting a job analysis, which includes examining the tasks and sequences of tasks necessary to perform the job. The analysis looks at the areas of knowledge and skills needed by the job. Note that a role is the set of responsibilities or expected results associated with a job. A job usually includes several roles. The job description might be broadened to form a person specification. An alternate terminology used under the UN system is Terms of reference (TOR). 6) What do you understand by Job Design? What are the modern methods of Job Design [pic]A. Work arrangement (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks. Through job design, organizations try to raise productivity levels by offering non-monetary rewards such as greater satisfaction from a sense of personal achievement in meeting the increased challenge and responsibility of ones work. Job enlargement, job enrichment, job rotation, and job simplification are the various techniques used in a job design exercise. In job enrichment, the attempt is to build in to jobs a higher sense of challenge and achievement. The accumulation of achievement must lead to a felling of personal growth accompanied by a sense of responsibility. Job enlargement means increasing the scope of a job through extending the range of its job duties and responsibilities 7) What is Human Resource Outsourcing? What are the various functions which can be outsourced ? 8) Why is reliability and validity a important part of selection tests and interviews ? 9) What are the various sources of recruitment ? SOURCES OF RECRUITMENT [pic] 10) What is the career management cycle? Which stage is the most important according to you ? Career Management Cycle The Career Management Cycle is a life-long process to assist you in making personally authentic career decisions and pursuing your goals. The Career Center can assist you with the following steps: †¢ [pic]Step 1: Know Yourself Can you clearly articulate who you are, identifying your interests, values, and skills? Its imperative that before you pursue a job search, you have a good grasp of yourself. Consider the following: o †¢ [pic]Step 2: Explore Your Options Once you feel confident about who you are, the next logical question is: Whats out there? Consider the following: †¢ [pic]Step 3: Plan your strategy and take action Now that youve narrowed your options, it’s time to set goals and conduct a job search or apply to graduate school. [pic]Step 4: Manage Your Career Once you begin working, be sure to continue networking and developing your skills. Consider the following: 11) What is the difference between Rate range and pay grades ? 12) What percentage of a salary is deducted as a part of the employee provident fund ? 3) When is an employee eligible to receive his/her Gratuity? How is it calculated ? 14) What do you understand by 360 degrees performance appraisal? Where can it be used ? In human resources or industrial/organizational psychology, 360-degree feedback, also kno wn as multi-rater feedback, multisource feedback, or multisource assessment, is feedback that comes from all around an employee. 360 refers to the 360 degrees in a circle, with an individual figuratively in the center of the circle. Feedback is provided by subordinates, peers, and supervisors. It also includes a self-assessment and, in some cases, feedback from external sources such as customers and suppliers or other interested stakeholders. It may be contrasted with upward feedback, where managers are given feedback by their direct reports, or a traditional performance appraisal, where the employees are most often reviewed only by their managers. The results from 360-degree feedback are often used by the person receiving the feedback to plan training and development. Results are also used by some organizations in making administrative decisions, such as pay or promotion. 15) How do you evaluate the effectiveness of training programs? What is Kirk Patrick’s model to evaluate the same ? Evaluation is often looked at from four different levels (the Kirkpatrick levels) listed below. Note that the farther down the list, the more valid the evaluation. . Reaction What does the learner feel about the training? 2. Learning What facts, knowledge, etc. , did the learner gain? 3. Behaviors What skills did the learner develop, that is, what new information is the learner using on the job? 4. Results or effectiveness What results occurred, that is, did the learner apply the new skills to the necessary tasks in the organization and, if so, what results were achieved? 16) What is the difference between Management Development Program Worker Training program ? Give examples of the same 17) What do you understand by Core competency and role based competency ? 18) Who are Kaplan and Norton ? What is the Balance score card ? 19) What were the Hawthorne experiments? Is there any relevance of it in the modern context 20) What are the various leadership styles? Are transactional leaders more effective or Transformational leaders more effective in the work place ? Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership. This early study has been very influential and established three major leadership styles. The three major styles of leadership are o Authoritarian or autocratic o Participative or democratic Delegative or Free Reign 21) What are the various stages of Group formation? Which stage is the most important 22) What are the various stages of Grievance handling in a Manufacturing plant ? grievance is a sign of employee’s discontent with job and its nature. The employee has got certain aspirations and expectations which he thinks must be fulfilled by the organisation where he is working. When the organisation fails to satisfy the employee needs, he develops a feeling of discontent or dissatisfaction. Thus, grievance is caused due to the difference between the employee expectation and management practices Steps in the Grievance Procedure 15 Identify grievances: Employee dissatisfaction or grievance should be identified by the management if they are not expressed. If they are ventilated, management has to promptly acknowledge them. ?Define correctly: The management has to define the problem properly and accurately after it is identified/acknowledged. ?Collect Data: Complete information should be collected from all the parties relating to the grievance. Information should be classified as facts, data, opinions, etc. ?Prompt redressal: The grievance should redressed by implementing the solution. ?Implement and follow up: The Implementation of the solution must be followed up at every stage in order to ensure effective and speedy implementation. : 3) What is the Trade Union act, Industrial Dispute act the factories act ? Is it still relevant in today’s context for all industries ? 24) What is the Geocentric and the polycentric approach in International HRM ? 25) What is the importance of cross cultural communication in today’s global Business environment ? Cross-cultural communication (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication, which is also used in a different sense, though) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures. 6) How does an organization go about building the next generation of leaders ? 27) What do you understand by Knowledge Management? Can HR processes be benchmarked ? Importaance of training Training your employees do have a significant role in modern business era. Not just to equip them with latest tools your company has implemented, there is a lot more to it. I have sorted down them in a list. This is a must read if you employ or mean to employ in future atleast one person. Training your emplyess is important because 1. Rapid technological innovations impacting the workplace have made it necessary for people to consistently update their knowledge and ski lls 2. People have to work in multidimensional areas , which usually demand far more from their area of specialisation. 3. Change in the style of management. 4. Due to non-practical collage education. 5. Lack of proper and scientific selection procedure. 6. For career advancement. 7. For higher motivation and productivity. 8. To make the job challenging and interesting 9. For self and development 10. For employee motivation and retention 11. To improve organisational climate 12. Prevention of obsolescence 13. To help an organisation to fulfil its future manpower needs. 14. To keep in pace with times 15. To bridge gap between skills requirement and skills availability 16. For survival and growth of organisation and nation

Common Editing and Proofreading Marks in Composition

Common Editing and Proofreading Marks in Composition When your instructor returns a composition, are you sometimes puzzled by the abbreviations and symbols that appear in the margins? If so, this guide should help you decipher those marks during the editing and proofreading stages of the writing process. Common Proofreading Marks Explained The following proofreading marks have a brief explanation of the definition your instructor is likely trying to convey for your revisions. ab: Abbreviation  (Use a standard abbreviation or write out the word in full.) ad: Adjective or adverb  (Use the correct form of the modifier.) agr: Agreement  (Use the correct ending to make the verb agree with its subject.) awk: Awkward expression or construction. cap: Capital letter  (Replace a lowercase letter with a capital letter.) case: Case  (Use the appropriate case of the pronoun: subjective, objective, or possessive.) clichà ©: Clichà ©Ã‚  (Replace the worn-out expression with a fresh figure of speech.) coh: Coherence  and cohesion (Make clear connections as you move from one point to the next.) coord: Coordination  (Use coordinating conjunctions to relate equal ideas.) cs: Comma splice  (Replace the comma with a period or a conjunction.) d: Diction  (Replace the word with one thats more precise or appropriate.) dm: Dangling modifier  (Add a word so that the modifier refers to something in the sentence.)   emph: Emphasis  (Restructure the sentence to emphasize a key word or phrase.) frag: Sentence fragment  (Add a subject or verb to make this word group complete.) fs: Fused sentence  (Separate the word group into two sentences.) gloss: Glossary of usage  (Check the glossary to see how to use this word correctly.) hyph: Hyphen  (Insert a hyphen between these two words or word parts.) inc: Incomplete construction. irreg: Irregular verb  (Check our index of verbs to find the correct form of this irregular verb.) ital: Italics  (Put the marked word or phrase in italics.) jarg: Jargon  (Replace the expression with one your readers will understand.) lc: Lowercase letter (Replace a capital letter with a lowercase letter.) mm: Misplaced modifier  (Move the modifier so that it clearly refers to an appropriate word.) mood: Mood  (Use the correct mood of the verb.) nonst: Nonstandard usage  (Use standard words and word forms in formal writing.) org: Organization  (Organize information clearly and logically.) p: Punctuation  (Use an appropriate mark of punctuation.) apostrophe : colon , comma -   dash . period ? question mark quotation marks  ¶: Paragraph break  (Begin a new paragraph at this point.) //: Parallelism  (Express paired words, phrases, or clauses in grammatically parallel form.) pro: Pronoun  (Use a pronoun that refers clearly to a noun.) run-on: Run-on (fused) sentence  (Separate the word group into two sentences.) slang: Slang  (Replace the marked word or phrase with a more formal or conventional expression.) sp: Spelling  (Correct a misspelled word or spell out an abbreviation.) subord: Subordination  (Use a subordinating conjunction to connect a supporting word group to the main idea.) tense: Tense  (Use the correct tense of the verb.) trans: Transition  (Add an appropriate transitional expression to guide readers from one point to the next.) unity: Unity  (Dont stray too far from your main idea.) v/^: Missing letter(s) or word(s). #: Insert a space. wordy: Wordy writing (Cut out unnecessary words.) ww: Wrong word (Use a dictionary to find a more appropriate word.)

Training for Statesmanship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training for Statesmanship - Essay Example However, the base-superstructure parameter of the Marxian precept is not what exactly Kennan talks about. In his opinion, the American people are in general conscious of the need to accept a multicultural environment, without a state centre having to exert power on them to think on terms of the greater common good. This innate accommodative sense of the American public that leads to progress is the most interesting point Kennan makes in this passage. The generalization that the American sentiments regarding national progress and general peace can be related to the concept of the American Dream where all those who came to the land and considered themselves as Americans were willing to work towards the common goal of building a paradise on the face of the earth. However, this common mission that Kennan tries to talk about had already been challenged during the World Wars and the Cold War years, due to the uncontrollable dimensions of ethnic diversity that made the America that we talk about now. Years of legal and illegal migration from many parts of the world to the American mainland has made many cultural collisions inevitable. The various ethnic and religious communities that settled in America for various reasons made it impossible to have a shared viewpoint on progress and peace. The fact that America gained immense amount of power in the international scenario through economic development has in fact led to a situation where the opinion of Kennan would seem like a joke. America is now seen by many other nations as exerting power even outside its administrative boundaries to gain and sustain more power. Its interference in the Palestinian issue and the the antagonistic relations with Iran and other Muslim nations have in fact made America notorious for using its military force for its selfish gains. Similarly, the American internal affairs are also much beyond the comprehensive and cooperative attitudes that Kennan talks

QUESTION What issues of the convention of ministerial responsibility Essay

QUESTION What issues of the convention of ministerial responsibility do the facts of the above scenario raise - Essay Example The office bearers are answerable to the parliament in general and the constitution of UK is strong enough to keep a check on everyone who has power and who is holding the offices in various ministries. To ensure the departments and governing bodies work properly, the government has a set of rules, and the responsibilities of these ministries are known to the general public. Thus if anyone goes against the norm, it is noticed and pointed out by the general public. The scenario created in the case is a very interesting one. First, the family minister who is supposed to protect the family unit and its respect is having an extra marital affair. Then the minister of social welfare is not willing to accept her fault and as a result lots of people are kept waiting for their social welfare funds. Thirdly, the prime minister simply finds it easy to ignore the no confidence vote!!! If for a moment one believes that this could happen in the UK government and House of Commons, it means that there practically would be no constitution to stop the powerful from destroying those who are powerless against them. Well, thanks heavens, this is not the case in general. The case is a piece of fiction which is too far fetched. In the past we do have examples of ministers who have abided by the rules and legislations provided to them by the constitution. Constitution for any elected government is the supreme authority. With the constitution in place, the ministers have the guideline for them to work upon. The Crichel Down Affair (1954) is one case that proves the importance of ministerial responsibility. : "Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use. Commander George Martin, son of the original farmer, wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the MoD. However the Ministry of Agriculture resisted, wanting to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development. However, Martin, a former equerry in the Royal Family, had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and government backbenches. There followed a public inquiry which criticized the department's decision and civil servants, especially their methods. It was seen as an example of an over-powerful state. Finally Dugdale announced that Martin could buy the land back and told the House of Commons he was resigning." Dugdale's resignation went down in history as an h onourable, even heroic, one: a minister taking responsibility for civil servant's actions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_responsibility) The issues raised by the scenario: Keeping this incident in view, the question that comes to my mind to carry forward this debate is that what are the measures taken by the government to ensure that the ministers are able to meet their responsibilities Is it just natural that the personal affairs of a minister can be a real concern in the dispensation of his or her public duties What are the ministerial ethics we are looking for Do the media have any role in pointing the faults of ministers out to them Also, we need to know if collective Ministerial Responsibility myth or a reality With reference to the scenario stated, an extra marital affair, which is specifically in the personal interest of the

President Eisenhower and the NATO Essay Example for Free

President Eisenhower and the NATO Essay Stephen Ambrose, in his book Eisenhower: The President (pp. 215 – 216) gives a picture of the president as the driving force behind the NATO solution embodied in the Paris accords of late 1954. Is he right or wrong? The abrupt end of the World War II following the bombing of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki using atomic bombs heralded a period of heightened tension between the Western World represented by the US and the Eastern World represented by Soviet Union. Each of the two sides formed a myriad of alliances in bid to assert themselves across the face of the world. NATO was one such alliance that was purposely formed by the Capitalists (US and allies) to contain Communists (Soviet and allies). Though initially the alliance was more of a political organization than a military one, subsequent happenings in Europe, particularly the Korean War electrified the member states into forming a strong military alliance, with an integrated military structure built under the direction of two US military commanders, one of them Eisenhower. The militarization of the alliance was necessary especially having in mind that the opposing blocs (communists) were in the process of building their own strong military arsenals and therefore there was need for a balance of power between the two blocs. Again, this was a period marked by costly defense spending, immense conventional and nuclear arms race, and a number of proxy wars. [Rosenberg, 1979] In his book, Ambrose seeks to differ with Eisenhower’s friends as well as critics who regarded him as largely unprepared for the presidency. He depicts Eisenhower as one person who carried the best credentials among persons to ever been elected to the Presidency, particularly in matters concerning foreign affairs. Ambrose has got all the reasons to throw his weight behind Eisenhower’s foreign relations capabilities, given the success that he (Eisenhower) achieved when he served at various military ranks in international duty during the World Wars and the Cold War, the most notable one being his appointment as the first commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). [Ambrose, 1984] Until his election as the 34th US President, Eisenhower was serving as the supreme commander of the NATO forces in Europe. Moreover, in his inaugural speech he vowed to use his experience to end the Korean War. Being an experienced soldier and therefore understanding the painful impact of the modern weapons than any other person, he resolved to appeal for peace. To achieve this he advocated for high level of cooperation among the nations even among those who disagreed. He rejected the notion of an isolated America from the rest of the world, save behind its nuclear shield. He harbored the argument that active participation of the US in the world affairs was the most appropriate method of making sure that democracy was achieved in nations that were susceptible to the encroachment of Communism. He also harbored the belief that sustained dialogue between the US and the Soviet would be the best option for the provision of security to the entire world. To achieve this, he advocated for military and economic unification of the nations that formed the Western alliance, since according to him that was the only avenue for providing the much needed peace and freedom in the Western Europe. For example, he pursued the reinforcement of NATO’s southern flank by helping Italian-Yugoslavian struggle over Trieste and proposed at the Geneva summit meeting a shared aerial inspection, a move that was aimed at preventing a surprise nuclear attack. He also proposed for a project known as ‘atoms for peace’ program, that sought to provide loans to American uranium to ‘have not’ nations for peaceful purposes. [Boll, 1988] In what seems to a support for the argument that Eisenhower understood the painful repercussions of war, Campbell Craig claims that Eisenhower used the policy of nuclear weapons deterrence to scare his advisors to shy from pushing him to declare war against the communists, and also to deter the communists themselves into going into war with the West, represented by the US. In his book Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War; Campbell Craig argues that Eisenhower’s policy of defending the United States international interests was through general thermonuclear war. [Craig, 1998: p. xi] He reasons that between 1956 and 1957 Eisenhower rearranged the official American basic security policy in a way that, in the event of a war with the Soviet Union, the war would automatically escalate into general thermonuclear war. [p. 67]. The very threat of a thermonuclear war would serve as a deterrence of such a war on a national level since the US policy makers will definitely resist escalation in a crisis. Craig puts it this way, â€Å"Eisenhower’s strategy to evade nuclear war was to make American military policy so dangerous that his advisors would find it impossible to push Eisenhower towards war and away from compromise. † [p. 69]. This also served as deterrence to the Soviet Union as the prospect of going into a war that would escalate into thermonuclear war was so scarring. A fair analysis on Craig’s work is that, it is short of neither supporting the use of rigid defense of nuclear weapons nor rejecting their strategic use. Consequently, Craig does not seem to support or refute the claim that Eisenhower was directly behind the NATO solution to the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its allies. He lets his audience to make a conclusion; however, his arguments seem to lean more on the notion that Eisenhower used nuclear weapon diplomacy and the strengthening of the NATO and unification of the states that formed the treaty. He argues that â€Å"American avoidance of nuclear war †¦ did not just â€Å"happen. † Actual people, above all Eisenhower, sought to evade nuclear war; many powerful figures at the center of decision believed that such a war was justifiable and regularly called for steps that would have begun one. [P. xii] Soman argues that, during the period of crisis, between the years 954-1955, the Eisenhower’s administration was mainly concerned on the fate of the treaty for the Western European Union and the admission of Germany to NATO, which was to be ratified by the European nations. Particularly, the secretary of state, John Foster Dulles was filled with the fear that any event leading to a war with China that would involve nuclear weapons would move the European opinion away from the United States and therefore leading doubts on the ratification of the treaty. Soman argues that Eisenhower’s success just like many other US Presidents of post-World War II era in maintaining the United States national security and the strengthening of the NATO in the face of military threats from the Soviets was through the use of nuclear weapon diplomacy. For instance, he explains how American atomic capabilities contributed to the working out of a truce in the North Korean war. He reasons that, Eisenhower had no option in the use of nuclear diplomacy to counter the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its allies: he had inherited â€Å"†¦ a stalemated war in the Korea, a costly military build up, and armed forces that despite nearly three years of massive conventional rearmament still left the United States heavily dependent on atomic arsenal. † [Soman, 2000: p. 36] He therefore chose to reject any Soviet proposal to ban nuclear weapons knowing very well that this was his only trump card.

Influence of Culture on Human Technology :: Sanders The Men We Carry in Our Minds

Influence of Culture on Human Technology The influence that culture has had on human technology is undeniable. One could even go as far as to say that sometimes, it is difficult to distinguish between the two. The term â€Å"culture† is extremely difficult to define because of the vast array of meanings that people attach to it. For this very reason, it is imperative to examine the most basic notion of culture, namely: â€Å"the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought† (as taken from www.dictionary.com). Given this definition, it seems reasonable to conclude that human technologies fall under the category of â€Å"all other products of human work and thought†. Yet, although human technologies are closely linked to culture, we must draw certain distinctions between the two. Today, for example, pop culture is thought of as the exportation of American music, food, and cinema. This is a legitimate example of a culture because it encompasses the ideas/beliefs/traditions of a vast group of people. Computers on the other hand, although great as inventions, cannot be considered a culture. One might argue that computers are part of a culture, or may have even led to a culture (namely, the information age), but in and of themselves, computers and other such human technologies are just that, technologies. Technologies can either be of the mechanical/scientific sort (such as the car) or they can be a type of innovative idea that changes life in some profound way. Having established workable definitions for both culture and human technology, we can now deal with the question of how culture has affected human technology. Given the broad scope of the question, there are several ways to answer it. One way of doing this would be to examine several different cultural movements or characteristics (i.e. art, religion, etc.) and see how they have helped create different human technologies. Another way of analyzing the relationship between the two however, is to look at a human technology and see how culture has altered it. This will be the method employed in this essay. I) Religion and War One of the most obvious examples of a culture or a cultural aspect influencing a human technology is the relationship between religion and the nation-state.

Introduction to Baby Thesis Essay

Heavy metals such as lead, zinc, copper, can often be found in industrial wastewater and their discharge to the environment poses a serious threat due to their acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial life which includes humans. As a result of increasing industrialization more heavy metals are continually released to the environment and this has prompted environmental engineers and scientists to think of better methods by which heavy metal-bearing wastewaters can be treated effectively and economically. The most used way of removing heavy metals in wastewater is through the use of activated carbon which is used as an adsorbent. This is due to the adsorptive properties of activated carbon(Cecen & Aktas, 2011). Agricultural by-products represent a considerable quantity of harvested commodity crops. The use of by-products as precursors for the production of widely used adsorbents, such as activated carbons, may impart a value-added component of the overall biomass harvested. In most developing countries, the activated carbon is imported at high cost, limiting the quantities of safe drinking water available to the people (Gray, 2010, p. 72). In recent years, there has been research focusing on the use of appropriate, low cost technology for the treatment of drinking water in the developing world. Research has also been focused on the indigenous production of water treatment chemicals using locally available raw materials. Generally, the raw materials for the production of Activated Carbon are those with high carbon but low inorganic contents such as wood, lignite, peat and coal. Activated carbons form a large and important class of porous solids, which have found a wide range of technological applications. The characteristics of activated carbon depend on the physical and chemical properties of the precursor as well as on the activation method. In addition to the starting material and the oxidizing agent, activation time and temperature affect the structural properties of the resulting activated carbon (Hassler, 2009). A wide range of carbonaceous materials can be used as the carbon precursors such as coal, peat, wood and various agricultural by-products. Recently, agricultural by-products have received an increasing attention for the production of activated carbon due to their low-cost, renewability and wide prevalence (March & Reinoso, 2006). The production of value-added products such as activated carbon will enlarge its application, reduce waste materials and generate income to rural communities in Valenzuela. Heavy metal contamination exists in aqueous waste streams of many industries such as metal plating facilities, mining operations and tanners. Activated carbons were used as adsorbent materials because of their extended surface area, microporous structure, high adsorption capacity and high degree of surface reactivity. Furthermore, the presence of different surface functional groups on activated carbon, especially oxygen groups, leads to the adsorption of ions of heavy metals (Ilango, 2012, p. 22). One of the fastest growing research areas is the environmental applications of activated carbon, such as wastewater treatment. In the treatment of wastewater, it is used for purification, decolorization and the removal of toxic organics and heavy metal ions. year Chernicharo and Sperling (2005) stated that the demand of activated carbon increased over the years and the market growth was estimated at 4. 6 % per. This demand can be satisfied considering the large number of raw material available for the production of activated carbon (Bansal, & Goyal, 2005). The aim of the study was to produce activated carbon from local agroforestry wastes and assess the efficiency of the produced carbons in removing dyes and metal ions from wastewater. The researchers decided to use corncobs as the source of activated carbon to be used in the adsorption of heavy metals present in the waters of Manila Bay, this is because corncobs are widely available and inexpensive macromolecular waste in the agriculture in the Philippines. Bandosz (2006) studied the thermochemical reaction between corncob and CA and obtained a modified corncob, which had a large cation exchange capacity than natural corncob. Chemical analysis of the corncobs showed that it mostly consisted of 38. 4%, cellulose; 40. %, hemicelluloses; and 9. 1%, lignin. Modified ground corncobs using either 0. 6 M CA or phosphoric acid have improved natural adsorption capacity. Physical and chemical agents generated by human activities may often have various adverse effects on both aquatic and terrestrial Iife. Lead is an ubiquitous material in the environment and its presence in varying concentrations can be found in diverse locations. The Water Environment Federation (2010) reported that human exposure to lead has harmful effects on kidney, central nervous and reproductive systems. Air, food and water generally do not usually contain large amounts of lead, however excessive contamination of these natural sources by industrial activities can result in continuous toxic levels of exposure and consequently clinical poisoning (Ilango, 2012). In order to develop poisoning from organic lead, one has to be continuously exposed to concentrations higher than those in the general environment for some week or months. Lead exposure has both acute and chronic effects (Hassler, 2009). Another pertinent health problem of lead is bioaccumulation or magnification, which may elevate its concentration to toxic levels (Ilango, 2012). National Research Council Canada reported that fish could absorb lead through their body surface and the food they consume. As a case study the liver of sea bass caught near California Coast at Los Angeles was found to contain about 22 ppm Pb which is considerably higher than the permitted level of 10 ppm for human consumption and twice as high as the concentration in fishes found 300 km away; the major* of the lead was attributed to automotive aerosol (Bandosz 2006).

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